On 24 February 2022, war returned to Europe and exposed a harsh reality: The continent had been taking security for granted. While the European Union (EU) was focused on the transition to a carbon-neutral economy, fossil fuels remained essential for heating homes and keeping factories running.
The EU depended heavily on Russian natural gas, and Putin exploited that dependence.
Faced with an unprecedented crisis, Fundação Francisco Manuel dos Santos joined forces with the Brookings Institution to examine Europe’s response to an unavoidable energy trilemma: how can the continent ensure secure and sufficient energy supplies at affordable prices while remaining committed to the green transition?
The war is still ongoing, and geopolitical instability has spread throughout the world, from the United States to the Middle East and China.
Europe's energy transition has become a cornerstone of its sovereignty. Yet the EU's success in the global fight against climate change will depend on its ability to act collectively. From the electricity grid and regulatory frameworks to energy markets, integration is essential.
No country can prosper in isolation. Is Europe ready for change?
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